While my dreams of a white Christmas are unlikely to come true, at least I can pretend while looking at medieval manuscripts. Books of Hours, as personal books of devotion, were particular favorites to ornately illuminate. (Sketches and pen trials often appear on folios considered less important, or in the margins, testing designs and scenes.) The winter scenes here were done in detail with great skill.Īs the demand for manuscripts grew, those with the money could afford to have them illuminated precisely how they desired and more richly detailed and elaborately decorated scenes appear. Typically, illuminators would have depicted scenes familiar to them or that they had high confidence in drawing. Jenneka Janzen wrote about the evidence for medieval board games : chess, backgammon, etc. Illuminations are a great way to see what games would have been played and known in the Middle Ages. Two distinct conservation solutions for each case will also be examined and compared, discussing the significance of their interpretation versus the conservation aims.Children gang up in a snowball fight (Book of Hours of Bénigne Serre, Cod. Bearing close relation to individual “objects’ biography”, the conservation decisions and the treatment of text-block and bookbinding will be presented in this paper. This work enabled the team to track down the trajectory of these objects through time, to discuss aspects of their meaning, and to put forward a biographical interpretation for each. A team of researchers, spanning from art history to conservation science, has been revealing features of the current physical and conservation condition of two Books of Hours kept in the library of Mafra National Palace, Portugal. These important items in our cultural heritage show impressive “biographies”, as they passed on from the first owner onto their family descendants, and finally the institutional environments of this day. This article focuses on the relevance of “the biography of objects” for the conservation decision-making process, through an analysis of two Books of Hours. The new focus on material culture draws attention to the way people and objects’ histories interact and inform each other, originating singular life stories. The presence of different pigments application techniques in different groups of folios lead us to conclude for the existence of a pigments palette with variations, and finally, three different illumina-tors and two different techniques, confirming the proposals of art history studies. The main deterioration processes associated to silver and pigments can be assigned to their reactions with humidity and air pollutants, to the grain size of the pigments and to mechanical factors related to the book binding and its use. Some of these colours also show specific degradation: darkening of the mixture of minium and vermillion silver tarnishing with strong migration into the parchment support, especially when associated with minium detachment of azurite, lead white and its mixtures, such as flesh tones and light colours. Nevertheless, some particular application techniques such as mixtures and overlays were found, namely in the red colours and specifically in the metallic leaves. The pigments palette was identified by µ-EDXRF, FORS, µ-Raman and µ-FTIR, which is consistent with the materials used in the fifteenth century. According to the assessment of the state of conservation, the main damages observed in the text block and binding were: volume distortion, loose and deformed gatherings, distortion and cockling of folios, and damages in the illuminations. This prayer book, composed by illuminations and devotional texts, was in bad condition due mainly to the rebinding done between eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. 2/3.a Chop trees, overweight yourself with logs, whistle for mount, wait for it to get 15m of you, open your inventory, hold X on the logs and it all transfers to your mount. 1.b hunting partner to hold Meats and pelts carrier. a Triple the carry weight especially if you get them early. William Caleb Wing, the talented modern illuminator of this manuscript, engaged with original medieval borders to create border illuminations and full-page miniatures. The " Cofre n.º 31 " is a French fifteenth century Book of Hours from the Library of the National Palace of Mafra, Portugal. General ideas on how to use these tips: 1. Many of these pretty illuminations, however, were commissioned by John Boykett Jarman in the nineteenth century. This paper presents the work done as part of a master dissertation on Conservation and Restoration at the Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Nova University of Lisbon.
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